The burials in Silos-Trash of the Middle Bronze of the deposits of "El Espinillo" and "Alto de Las Peñuelas"
Bronze Age funerary practices in the Villa de Vallecas district
Description of the deposits
They are close to the seasonal streams of Los Migueles and La Marañosa, in the municipal district of Villa de Vallecas (Madrid).
In total, 40 silo-type structures excavated in the ground have been documented, in which 48 individuals had been buried.
The structures were also reused as garbage cans, as evidenced by the landfills, in which inclusions of materials attributable to the Middle Bronze appear, mostly of ceramic pieces made by hand and some decorated with ungulations, cords and mamelons.
Most of the individuals were deposited in single holes and to a lesser extent in double holes and multiple connection holes. Some have a cave excavated in its walls in which the individual was deposited.
Thirty-eight of the burials are single, two are double burials, and two are triple. Regarding the orientations, there is a predominance of the axis of the body in an East-West and West-East direction (56%) compared to the North-South and South-North axis (29%).
Regarding the position of the body, the left and right lateral decubitus with the legs flexed (37 individuals) prevails over the prone and supine position (9 individuals). In the rest, it was not possible to document the position, as they are cases that have suffered serious post-depositional processes.
The position of individuals within burials is directly associated with different historical moments, whose religious beliefs and precepts demand fixed characteristics from the entire population.
None of the burials presented trousseau, only some ornamental elements with which they were buried have been found: a bronze needle belonging to some clothing, some necklace beads made on snail shells and a spool of thread inside a child burial
Although the state of conservation of the remains was not good, it has been possible to determine some aspects of these Bronze Age populations, which, unlike other sites in the region, have a higher mortality in adults, followed by the group of children and juveniles. The deceased are mostly female, the average height being 1,52 for women and 1,67 for men.
Some of the pathologies they present are due to repeated physical work and severe overload, which would be related to the subsistence economies of the Bronze Age populations. Of the oral pathologies studied in 36 individuals who still had teeth, a low presence of caries stands out, only in 12 individuals. Some of them have loss of teeth as a result of periodontal infections associated with inflammatory processes. The origin of cavities is associated with diets rich in carbohydrates to which other factors such as genetic predisposition are added.
The caries percentage is very low in both sites compared to others in the same period. This result is striking, since caries is associated with a diet rich in carbohydrates and the inhabitants of these sites had an agricultural-livestock economy, with great importance of cereals (as revealed by the high number of documented storage silos and mills) . This result could be associated with good oral hygiene and good nutrition and health during childhood.
The fact that there is no planning in the burial areas, but rather the reuse of structures, prevents us from speaking of a necropolis proper. In the absence of a homogeneous funeral ritual or a specific spatial arrangement, everything seems to indicate that they are occasional burials that amortize disused structures belonging to itinerant populations.
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Archaeological performance
Both sites were excavated within the archaeological activities related to the UZP 2.04 urbanization project "Development of the East-Los Berrocales".